vo/k ukjk;.k
xaxk&eSnku esa mPpiqjkik"kk.kdky ls ysdj izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld dky rd ds rkez&ik"kkf.kd lkaLd`fr ds dbZ {ks=ksa dks [kkst fudkyk x;k gSA bl {ks= ls izkIr rkezik"kkf.kd laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkyus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
e/; xaxk dk eSnku Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dk dsUnzfcUnq jgk gSA ;g HkwHkkx fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa] iaFkksa ,oa tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dk feyu LFky jgk gSA Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd bfrgkl esa NBha 'krkCnh bZ0iw0 ls bl {ks= dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA ;|fi fd bl {ks= dk dksbZ HkkSxfyd igpku ugha gS fQj Hkh bldk lkaLd`frd ,oa vkfFkZd :i ls fo'ks"k egRo gSA1 ;g mRrjh {ks= esa fgeky;] nf{k.k esa foU/;] if'pe esa xaxk ;equk vkSj iwoZ esa fcgkj] caxky dh lhek ls f?kkjk gqvk gSA blesa vk/kqfud iwohZ mRrj izns'k vkSj fcgkj dk eSnku tqM+k gqvk gSA
fiNys N% n'kdksa ls izkphu bfrgkl laLd`fr ,oa iqjkrRo foHkkx] bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] cukjl fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] nhu n;ky mik/;k; fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj vkSj iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] jkT; iqjkrRo foHkkx] mRrj izns'k ,oa fcgkj ljdkj rFkk Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx us mPpiqjkik"kk.kdky ls ysdj vyhZ ,sfrgkfld dky rd ds lkaLd`frd vo'ks"kksa dks [kkst fudkyk gSA bl {ks= ls rkezik"kkf.kd laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkyus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
e/; xaxk eSnku esa iqjkrkfRod [kkstksa }kjk vusdksa rkezik"kkf.kd LFkyksa dks izdk'k esa yk;k x;k gSA ;Fkk& mRrj izns'k ds ftys izrkix<+ esa iwjsnsotuh2 ,oa isY[koj3 vkSj fHkokuh4] tkSuiqj esa vdkgw5 bykgkckn esa >w¡lh6] fetkZiqj esa vfx;ohj7] okjk.klh esa jkt?kkV8] ljk; eksgkuk9] dekSyh10] vDFkk11 jkeuxj12 vkSj vukbZ13] pUnkSyh esa izgykniqj14] xkthiqj esa elksuMhg15] eÅ esa ugqlk jkt dk Vhyk16] cLrh esa cuokjh?kkV17] xqyjhgok?kkV18] lqlhij19] jkex<+ ?kkV20] cM+kxk¡o21] fxjkj22] lUr dchj uxj esa ygqjknsok23] cfy;k esa [kfj;kMhg24] HkqukMhg25] fo;uk26] xksj[kiqj esa lksgxkSjk27] ujgu28 vkSj beyhMhg29 vkSj fcgkj izns'k ds lkju ftyk esa fpajkan30] ekU>h31] iVuk esa eSuj32] Hkkxyiqj esa vksfj;e33 vkSj pEik34] oS'kkyh esa pspj dqrqciqj35] x;k esa lksuiqj36 ,oa rkjMhg37 vkSj jksgrkl ftyk esa luqoj38 vkfn LFkyksa dks [kkstk x;k gSA bu LFkyksa esa ls >w¡lh] lksgxkSjk] ujgu] beyhMhg] [kfj;kMhg] ygqjknsok] fpjkan] ekU>h] eSuj] vksfj;e] pEik] pspj dqrqciqj] lksuiqj] rkjMhg vkSj lksuqokj LFkyksa dh [kqnkbZ Hkh dh x;h gSA39 mR[kfur LFkyksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS& izkjfEHkd Lrj ,oa mRrjorhZ LrjA mRrjorhZ Lrj ls tqM+s LFkyksa esa >w¡lh] vfx;kohj] jkt?kkV] izgykniqj] elksuMhg] ekU>h] rkjMhg] lsuqokj dks tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
xaxk&eSnku dh rkezik"kkf.kd LFkyksa dh frfFk;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gSA lksgxkSjk40 ls nks frfFk;k¡ izkIr gksrh gSa& 1230 $ 130 bZ0iw0] vkSj 1335 $ 110 bZ0iw0] ujgu41 ls Hkh nks frfFk;k¡ feyrh gSa& 1123 $ 110 bZ0iw0 vkSj 1330 $ 110 bZ0iw0] [kSjkMhg42 LFky ls rhu frfFk;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gS& 1120 $ 90 bZ0iw0] 1030 $ 160 bZ0iw0 vkSj 940 $ 150 bZ0iw0] fpjkan43 ls ik¡p frfFk;k¡ feyrh gSa 720 $ 90 bZ0iw0] 1050 $ 85 bZ0iw0] 1540 $ 90 bZ0iw0] 1585 $ 100 bZ0iw0 vkSj 1655 $ 100 bZ0iw0] lsuqvkj44 ls pkj frfFk;k¡ izkIr gqbZ gSa& 1770 $ 120 bZ0iw0] 1660 $ 120 bZ0iw0] 1500 $ 110 b0iw0 vkSj 1400 $ 110 bZ0iw0] >Wawlh45 ls pkj frfFk;ksa ds izek.k feyrs gSa& 1340 $ 90 bZ0iw0] 950 $ 90 bZ0iw0] 830 $ 90 bZ0iw0 vkSj 780 $ 90 bZ0iw0] ygqjknsok r`rh;46 ls 2940 $ 100 bZ0iw0 dh frfFk izkIr gqbZ gSA rkezik"kkf.kd LFkyksa ls izkIr dkcZu frfFk;ksa ds vuqlkj rkezik"kkf.kd laLd`fr dk dkykuqØe dqy feykdj 2000 bZ0iw0 ls ysdj 1000&700 bZ0iw0 ds chp j[kk tk ldrk gSA
rkez ik"kkf.kd laLd`fr ds yksx Hkouksa ds fuekZ.k esa iRFkj vkSj feV~Vh dk iz;ksx djrs FksA izLrj [k.Mksa dk iz;ksx dsoy uhao ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA edkuksa dh fnokysa feV~Vh dh cuk;h tkrh FkhaA dkyh feV~Vh esa ihyhxkn] feV~Vh dk feJ.k djds Q'kZ dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk FkkA Hkouksa dk vkdkj vk;rkdkj ;k oxkZdkj gksrk FkkA Hkouksa ds vUnj pwYgksa ds vfLrRo dk lk{; izkIr gqvk gSA Hkouksa dk Nktu ;k Nr ij ckal cfYy;ksa rFkk ?kklQwl dk lEHkor% cuk gksrk FkkA LrEHk xrksZa ds dfri; LFkyksa ls ;g bafxr gksrk gS fd dqN Hkouksa dh fnokysa ckal cYyh dh cuk;h tkrh FkhaA
rkez ik"kkf.kd laLd`fr dh e`nHkk.M gYds jax ;k xqykch jxksa ds ik=ksa ds Åij dkys jax esa fp=.k vfHkizk; latks;s x;s gSaA bu LFkyksa ls lk/kkj r'rfj;k¡] isanhnkj dVksjs] rlys] fNNyh Fkkfy;k¡] yksVs] ?kM+s rFkk eVds vkfn izkIr gq, gSaA bu izkIr e`nHk.Mksa ij T;kferh; vkSj izkd`frd nksuksa izdkj ds vyadj.k vfHkizk; latks;s gq, feyrs gSaA izeq[k vyadj.kksa esa f=Hkqt] ygjnkj js[kk,¡] ldsUnzh o`Rr] lw;Z] ekuo ,oa i'kq vkd`fr;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
e/; xaxk eSnku ds rkezik"kkZ.kd laLd`fr ds yksx rkez midj.kksa esa fpiVh dqYgkfM+;k¡] Nqfj;k] pkdw] pwfM+;k¡] NYys ;k eqfnzdk,¡ vkSj NM+sa vkfn dk iz;ksx djrs FksA ekf.kD; rFkk fly[k.Mh ds cus gq, eudksa dk mYys[k vU; iqjkfuf/k;ksa ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA vgkM+ rFkk fxyqUn ds eudksa ij T;kferh; vyadj.k rFkk i'kq vkd`fr;ksa dk vadu budh viuh [kkkl fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA bl laLd`fr ds yksxksa ds midj.k ,oa vkStkj rkez gfM~M;ksa] lhaxksa iRFkjksa bR;kfn ls fufeZr gksrs FksA e/; xaxk eSnku ds LFky iqjkrkfRod LFkyksa ls rkez&fufeZr oLrq,¡ cgqr de izkIr gqbZ gSaA ;nk&dnk pkdw] Hkkyk] rhj vkSj dqN vkHkw"k.k fey tk;k djrs gSaA
mRrj izns'k ds elksuMhg] dekSyh] izgykniqj] vfx;kohj] >¡Wwlh vkSj fo;kuk fcgkj ls fpjkan ekusj] lksuiqj] vksfjvi] rkjMhg vkSj lsuqokj ls lw{e ik"kk.k midj.k izkIr gksus dh lwpuk gSA bu LFkyksa ls izkIr midj.kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd buds fuekZ.k ds fy, dPpk eky miyC/k ugha Fkk] D;ksafd lw{e ik"kk.k midj.k bu LFkyksa ls cgqr de la[;k esa izkIr gq, gSaA budk fuekZ.k pVZ] pkYlsMuh] vxsV] dkusZfy;e] DokVZt bR;kfn ls fd;k x;kA e/; xaxk eSnku ls izkIr lw{e midj.kksa ds vfrfjDr pednkj lsYV] cklYV] DokUlZ ds VqdM+as] ewyklZ] gSej] iRFkjksa] ,uhoYl xksdu ik"kk.k bR;kfn dk fuekZ.k cyqvk iRFkj dh lgk;rk ls fd;k x;kA DokVZtkbV] tks ,d izdkj ds iRFkj dk Lo:i gS] dqN LFkyksa ls izkIr fd;s x;s gSaA fofHkUu LFkyksa ls [kqnkbZ ds nkSjku fofHkUu izdkj ds vkHkw"k.k izkIr gq, gSaA chMl] pwfM+;k¡] v¡xwBh] NYys] dq.My bR;kfn izkIr gq, gSaA budk fuekZ.k] pVZ] pkYlsMuh] dkusZfy;u] DokVZt] fØLVy ds vfrfjDr dHkh&dHkh gM~Mh] rkcsa] 'ksy ls Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA
[kqnkbZ ls izkIr vo'ks"kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ;s yksx [ksfrgj rFk i'kqikyd FksA iqjkrkfRod LFkyksa ls izkIr /kkrq[k.Mksa esa /kku ds dkcZuhd`r ¼v/ktys½ nkuksa] Hkwlh ,oa iqvky dh Nkisa feyrh gSaA bl izdkj bl laLd`fr ds yksx /kku dh [ksrh fuf'pr :i ls djrs FksA bu LFkyksa ij /kku] puk] ew¡x] tkS vkSj xsgw¡ ds d`f"k ds izR;{k izek.k feys gSaA xk;&cSy] HkSal] HksaM+&cdjh rFkk lqvj vkfn ikyrw i'kqvksa ds lk{; feys gSaA usoyk] pwgk] dNqvk rFkk eNfy;ksa ds gfM~M;ksa ds vfrfjDr fpfM+;ksa dh gfM~M;k¡ izkIr gqb gSaA
REFERENCES:
1. Singh, R.L. (ed.) 1971, Middle Ganga Plain, India A Regional Geography p. 183, National Geographical Society of India, Varanasi.
2. Misra, V.D. 1990, Protohistoric Investigation in Pratapgarh District, Uttar Pradesh, Adaptation and other Essays (eds. N.C. Ghosh and Subrato Chakravarti) Vishwa Bharti, Shantikiketan, p. 197.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. The site was explored by the authors along with Sri B.B. Misra and J.N. Pal.
6. Mishra, V.D. J.N. Pal and M.C. Gupta, 1998-1999, Further excavation a Jhunsi, Pragdhara No. 10. pp. 23-30.
7. Singh P. and Ashok Kumar Singh, 1999, Agiabir, 1999: A Preliminary Report, Puratattva 29, pp. 117-119, Singh P. and Ashok Kumar Singh 2000, Excavation at Agiabir, District Mirzapur (U.P.) Pragdhara No. 10, pp. 31-55.
8. IAR, 1961-62, pp. 57-59; IAR, 1962-63, pp. 41-42, IAR, 1963-64, pp. 58-59; IAR, 1964-65, pp. 44-45, IAR 1965-66, pp. 54-55, Narain A.K. and P. Singh 1977. Excavations at Rajghat, Part II, Baranas Hindu University, Varanasi.
9. IAR, 1967-68, pp. 48-49
10. IAR, 1963-64, pp. 58
11. Jaiswal, Vidula 2002, Aktha; A Statellite Settlement at Samath, Varanasi (Report of Excavation conducted in 2002), Bharti Vol. 26, Bulletin of the Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, BHU, Varanasi, pp. 61-80.
12. Jaiswal, Vidula and Manoj Kumar, 2006, Excavations at Ram Nagar Discovery of Settlement of Ancient Varanasi, Puratattva, 36, pp. 85-92.
13. Tripathi V. and Prabhakar Upadhyaya 2006, Anal: A Settlement in Varuna Region, Puratattva 36, pp. 85-92.
14. IAR, 1962-63, pp. 40-41; Narain A.K. and T.N. Roy, Excavations at Prahladpur, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
15. AIR, 1964-65, pp. 42-43; IAR, 1965-66, pp 49-52; IAR, 1967-68, pp. 46-47, IAR, 1970-1971, pp. 38-39.
16. Negi. J.S. 1975, Nahusa K Tila (A Preliminary Exploration), K.C. Chattopadhyaya Memorial Volume, Department of Ancient History, Culture and Archaelology, University of Allahabad, pp. 51-56.
17. Bhatta, S.K. 1969-70, Archaeological Exploration in Basti District (U.P.) Purattva 3, pp. 77-89, first reprint 2005, D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd. New Delhi.
18. Ibid.
19. Chaturvedi, S.N. 1985, Advances of Vindhyan Neolithic and Chalcolithic Cultures to the Himalayan Tarai: Excavations and Explorations in the Saryupar Region of Uttar Pradesh, Man and Environment, IX pp. 120ff.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Tewari, Rakesh, R.K. Srivastava and K.K. Singh, 2004, Excavations at Lahuradeva, Sant Kabir Nagar, Puratattva, 32, pp. 54-62.
24. IAR, 1981-82, pp. 67-70, 1982-83, pp. 92-94; Singh B.P., 1989, Khairadih- A Chalcolithic Settlement, Puratattva, 18, pp. 28-34.
25. Singh, P. and A.K. Singh, 1995-96, Trial Excavation at Bhunadih, District Ballia (U.P.) Pragdhara, No. 8, pp. 12-29.
26. Singh P. and A.K. Singh 1995-96, Trial Excavation at Waina, District Ballia (U.P.), Pragdhara, No. 6, pp. 41-61.
27. IAR, 1974-75, pp. 46-47; Chaturvedi, S.N. 1985, Advance of Vindhyan Neolithic and Chalcolithic culture to the Himalayan Tarai: Excavations and Exploration in the Saryupar Region of Uttar Pradesh, Man and Environment, IX. pp. 120 ff.
28. Singh, P. 1994, Excavation at Narthan (1984-89), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi and B.R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
29. IAR, 1981-82, pp. 13-14.
30. Varma, B.S., 1971, Excavation at Chriand: New Light on Indian Neolithic Complex Puratattva, 4, pp. 19-24; Narain, A.K. 1970. The Neolithic Settlement at Chirand, The Journal of Bihar Research Society, 56, pp. 16-35; Varma, A.K. 1998, Neolithic Culture of Eastern India, Ramanand Vidya Bhawan, New Delhi; Sinha H.P., 1994.
Archaeological and Cultural History of Bihar, (with special reference to Neolithic Chirand), Ramanand Vidya Bhawan, New Delhi.
31. IAR, 1983-84, pp. 15-16; IAR, 1984-85, pp. 12-13.
32. IAR, 1984-85, pp. 11-12.
33. IAR, 1966-67, pp. 6-7.
34. IAR, 1974-75, pp. 8-9; IAR, 1976-77, pp. 11-12, IAR, 1982-83, pp. 15-16; Singh, B.P. 1979 , Excavations at Champa, Archaeology and Art of India, pp. 87-106, Sandeep Prakashan, Delhi.
35. IAR, 1977-78, pp. 17-18.
36. Varma, B.S., 1977, Sanpur Excavations, 1956 and 1959-62, Patna.
37. IAR, 1984-85, pp. 9-10
38. Singh, B.P. 1990, Early Farming Communities of Khairadih Foot Hills, Puratattva, 19, pp. 6-18; Singh, B.P. 1997, Neolithic and Chalcolithic Pottery of the Middle Ganga Plain: A Case Study of Senuwar, Ancient Ceramic (Historical Enquiries and Scientific Approaches), P.C. Pant and Vidual Jaiswal eds, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi; Singh B.P. (ed.) 2004, Farming Community of the Kaimur (Excavation at Senuwar). Two Volumes, Publications Scheme Jaipur.
39. IAR, 1955-56, pp. 19-20; IAR, 1959-60, p. 14; IAR, 1960-61, pp. 4-5; IAR, 1961-62, pp. 4-5, IAR, 1970-71, pp. 5-64; Sinha, B.P. and B.S. Varma 1077, Sonpur Excavations 1956 and 1959-62, Patna.
40. Possehl, G.L. and P.C. Rissman 1992. Chronology of Prehistoric India: From Earliest Times to Iron Age, Chronologies in old World Archaeology (ed. Ehrich, R.E.) Volume-1, pp. 465-490, 2; 447-474, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
41. Singh p. 1994 Excavations at Narhan, (1984-89). Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, and B.R. Publishing , New Delhi.
42. Singh B.P. 1989, Khairadih- A Chalcolithic Settlement, Puratattva, 18, pp. 28-34.
43. Possehl, G.L. and P.C. Rissman 1992. Op.Cit., P. 463.
44. Singh B.P. 1990, Early Forming Communities of Kaimur Foot Hills, Puratattava, 19, p. 18.
45. Misra, V.D. J.N. Pal and M.C. gupta 1999-2000. Further Excavations at Jhunsi (1998099), Pragdhara no. 10, p. 28.
46. Tewari Rakesh R.K. Srivastava, K.K. Singh, K.S. Saraswat and I.B. Singh 2003. Preliminary Report of the Excavations at Lahuradeva, District Sant Kabir Nagar, U.P. 2001-2002; Wider Archaeological implications Pragdhara, No. 13, pp. 227-30.
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