v:.k dqekj feJ ,o v:.k dqekj prqosZnh
izoDrk&ch0 ,M0 foHkkx]
jk-g-jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] dk’khiqj]Å/keflaguxj]mRrjk[k.MA
lu~ 1973 esa jk"Vªh; v/;kid
ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rFkk lu~ 1978 esa jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk
ifj"kn }kjk v/;kid f'k{kk dk tks izk:i izLrqr fd;k x;k mlds }kjk lEiw.kZ
ns'k esa v/;kid f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA lu~ 1993 esa jk"Vªh; v/;kid
f'k{kk ifj"kn ,DV cu x;k rFkk 1 vizSy] 1995 ls jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk
ifj"kn dk fØ;kUo;u gqvkA blesa v/;kid f'k{kk ds fy;s ikB~;Øe dk fodkl fd;k
;g ikB~;Øe iw.kZ :i ls uohu izdkj dk gSa] ftlus Nk= f'k{k.k rFkk f'k{k.k vH;kl
dks ,d u;h fn'kk iznku dhA ,u0lh0Vh0bZ0 us futh egkfo|ky;ksa easa ch0,M0 ikB~;Øe dks
ekU;rk fn;kA
ysfdu bl izf'k{k.k dk LofoRriksf’kr
egkfo|ky; iw.kZr;k e[kkSy mM+k jgs gSaA futh egkfo|ky; bl izf'k{k.k dks dsoy
vkenuh dk tfj;k cuk;s gq;s gSa rFkk /ku ds cnys mikf/k;kW ck¡V jgs gSaA vkSj
'kklu ewdn'kZd cuk gqvk rek'kk ns[k jgk gSaA gekjh ljdkj us vU; O;olkf;d
izf'k{k.kksa dh Hkk¡fr ch0,M0 egkfo|ky;ksa ij fu;U=.k gsrq dksbZ fo'ks"k
fu;ekoyh ugh cuk;h gSaA ;s egkfo|ky; fu;eksa dh vuns[kh djrs gq, viuh euekuh
djrs gSaA rFkk v/;;ujr~ izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls vius bPNkuq:i Qhl olwyrs gSa vkSj
vius egkfo|ky; ds fu;ekuqlkj izf'k{k.k ds e/; esa Hkh fofHkUu izdkj ls
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk 'kks"k.k Hkh djrs gSa] QyLo:i ch0,M0 izf'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk
fujUrj fxjrh tk jgh gSa vf/kdka’k izf’k{k.k izkIr dj pqds fo|kFkhZ f’k{k.k
;qfDr;ksa ds }kjk f’k{k.k dk;Z djus esa l{ke ugh gSaA ch0,M0 izf'k{k.k dh ?kVrh
xq.koRrk ds dbZ dkj.k gSa muesa ls dqN izeq[k dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gks ldrs gSa
&
ewyHkwr <kWpk&jk"Vªh;
v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn ds funsZ'kkuqlkj ch0,M0 ikB~;Øe lapkfyr djus okys
egkfo|ky; ds ikl ¼lkS lhVksa ds fy,½ 2500 oxZ ehVj Hkwfe] ftlesa 1500 oxZ ehVj
esa Hkou cuk gks rFkk 1000 oxZ ehVj eSnku ds :i esa gksuh pkfg,A bl cus gq,
Hkou esa nks f'k{k.k d{k] ,d cM+k gkWy] iqLrdky;] okpuky; izkpk;Z d{k] f'k{kd
d{k] iz'kklfud d{k] vfrfFk d{k] lsehukj d{k] dk;kZy;] dSUVhu] Nk= ,ao Nk=kvksa
ds fy, i`Fkd 'kkSpky;] okgu [kM+k djus dk LFkku] nks Hk.Mkj d{k] vkfn lqfo/kk,¡
gksuh pkfg, rFkk [ksy ,ao vfrfjDr fØ;kdykiksa ds fy, [kqyk eSnku vko';d gSaA
vf/kdka'k egkfo|ky; ,u0lh0Vh0bZ0
,oa fo'ofo|ky; fujh{k.k ny ds }kjk fd;s x;s fujh{k.k esa lqfo/kkvksa ds vHkko
esa Hkh ch0,M0 ikB~;Øe dh ekU;rk ysus esa lQy gks tkrs gSaA ;s egkfo|ky; vius
;gk py jgs vU; ikB~;Øeksa ds fy;sa cuk;s x;s Hkou dks jaxk&iqrkdj ch0,M0
Hkou ds :i esa n'kkZ nsrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa muds egkfo|ky;ksa esa vU;
d{kkvksa ds lkFk ch0,M0 dh d{kk,¡ Hkh iwjs izf’k{k.k ds nkSjku mUgah
d{kk&d{kksa esa lapkfyr gksrh jgrh gSaA rFkk izf’k{k.kkFkhZ iz;ksx’kkykvksa]
iqLrdky;] vkfn ls oafpr jg tkrs gSaA futh
egkfo|ky;ksa esa QuhZpj ,ao laLFkkvksa ,oa lalk/kuksa ds uke ij dsoy [kkuk
iwfrZ gksrh gSaA bu egkfo|ky;ksa esa dqlhZ] est] f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh]
d{kki;ksxh lkexzh] iz;ksx'kkyk midj.k] ijh{k.k] iz;ksx lkexzh] vkfn ;k rks uke
ek= ds gksrs gSa ;k rks fcydqy gh ugh gksrs gSaA dqN izcU/kdx.k HkkSfrd lR;kiu
;k fujh{k.k ds le; vius nwljs egkfo|ky;ksa ls QuhZpj] lalk/ku ,ao [ksy
lkefxz;ksa dksa eaxk ysrs gSa rFkk ckn esa fQj okil Hkst nsrs gSaA
f'k{kd ,oa f'k{k.ksRrj deZpkjh&
,u0lh0Vh0bZ0 ds fu;ekuqlkj ch0,M0 ikB~;Øe dh ,d ;wfuV ¼100 lhV ds fy,½ esa ,d
izkpk;Z@foHkkxk/;{k] lkr izoDrk ¼,d vk/kkfjr ikB~;Øe rFkk N% fo"k; f'k{k.k
izoDrk½] ,d dyk f'k{k.k izoDrk] ,d 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk funs'kd],d iqLrdky;k/;{k] ,d
dk;kZy;&ys[kk lgk;d] ,d dk;kZy; lxaBu lgk;d] ,d LVksj dhij] ,d rduhdh
lgk;d] ,d iz;ksx'kkyk lgk;d] ,d vuqlsod gksuk pkfg,A okLrfoDrk ;g gSa fd futh
egkfo|ky; dkxtksa ij lHkh inksa dh fu;qfDr;k¡ djds ekU;rk izkIr dj ysrs gSa]
ijUrq vf/kdka'k egkfo|ky; nks ;k rhu izoDrkvksa ,oa ,d ;k nks f'k{k.ksRrj
deZpkfj;kas ls viuk dke pyk ysrs gSaA 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk futh egkfo|ky; gks
ftlesa mijksDr leLr f'k{kd ,oa f'k{k.ksRrj deZpkjh dk;Z dj jgs gksaA dqN
egkfo|ky; rks vuqeksfnr ,d Hkh izk/;kid u j[k dj vius ;gk¡ vU; d{kkvksa esa f'k{k.k
dj jgs izk/;kidksa ls gh ch0,M0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dk Hkh f'k{k.k djok ysrs
gSaA rFkk dbZ egkfo|ky;ksa esa rks ch0,M0 dh d{kk,¡ gh ugh pyrhA
f'k{kdkas dh ;ksX;rk] osru ,ao
dk;Z&
,u0lh0Vh0bZ0 ds fu;ekuqlkj ch0,M0 foHkkxk/;{k@izkpk;Z dh ;ksX;rk ijkLukrd
50izfr'kr] ,e0,M0 55izfr'kr] f'k{kk 'kkL= esa usV ;k MkDVjsV dh mikf/k ,ao nl
o"kZ dk f'k{k.k vuqHko gksuk pkfg,A fo"k; f'k{k.k izoDrk ,oa vk/kkfjd
ikB~;Øe izoDrk gsrq vuqHko ds vfrfjDr 'ks"k foHkkxk/;{k@izkpk;Z dh ;ksX;rk
gksuh pkfg,A lHkh f'k{kdksa dk mijksDr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij fo'ofo|ky; }kjk
vuqeksnu fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk budks ;w0th0lh0@,u0lh0Vh0bZ0@jkT; ljdkj }kjk
fu/kkZfjr osru cSad [kkrs ds ek/;e ls fn;k tkuk pkfg,A izR;sd 'kS{kf.kd o"kZ
esa dqy nkS lkS fnu dk;Z fnol fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s gSa rFkk izR;sd lIrkg esa
NRrhl ?k.Vs f'k{kd ,ao fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mifLFkr jguk pkfg,
futh egkfo|ky; le;≤ ij fo'ofo|ky;
,ao jkT; ljdkjksa ij ncko cukdj f'k{kdksa dh U;wure ;ksX;rkvksa dks de djok ysrs
gSa rFkk de ;ksX;rk okys f'k{kdksa dk yEcs le; ds fy;s vuqeksnu djk ysrs gSa
D;ksafd ;s f'k{kd de osru ij dke djus ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrs gSa rFkk ch0,M0 ds lkFk&lkFk
ch0,0@ch0,l&lh0@,e0,0@,e0,l&lh0@ ,e0dke vkfn d{kkvksa esa Hkh f'k{k.k
dk;Z djrs jgrs gSaA bu egkfo|ky;kas esa ;ksX; f'k{kdksa dk Hkh 'kks"k.k
cM+s lqfu;ksftr <x ls fd;k tkrk gSaA mudksa Hkh fu/kkZfjr iwjk osru ugh fn;k
tkrkA gekjs ns'k dk 'kk;n gh dksbZ futh egkfo|ky; gks tks ;w0th0lh0 }kjk
fu/kkZfjr osru o HkRrk nsrk gksA bu futh egkfo|ky;ksa esa vf/kdka'kr%
foHkkxk/;{k@izkpk;Z dsoy dkxtksa ij gh fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSa rFkk o"kZ esa
rhu ;k pkj ckj vkus dk vkilh le>kSrk dj fy;k tkrk gSaA
f'k{k.k 'kqYd&
'kklu ds fu;ekuqlkj vyx&vyx izns'kksa esa ch0,M0 ikB~;Øe ds fy;s ljdkj ds
}kjk yxHkx rhl gtkj :i;s f'k{k.k 'kqYd fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSas] ijUrq futh
egkfo|ky;ksa izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks ,slk ehBk tgj nsrs jgrs gSa fd buds }kjk
le;≤ ij dh x;h Qjekb'kksa dks pqi&pki iwjk djrs jgrs gSa tSls&
izos'k] ;wfuQkeZ] iz;ksxkRed iqfLrdkvksa ¼fdV½] vH;kl f'k{k.k] vuqifLFkfr]
izk;ksfxd ijh{kk] ijh{kk] vadrkfydk] LFkkukUrj.k izek.k&i=] pfj=
izek.k&i= rFkk lcls cM+k lqfo/kk 'kqYdA dqy feykdj izR;sd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ ls
yxHkx ,d yk[k :i;k ,asBuk budk eq[; y{; gksrk gSaA bl fglkc ls izR;sd futh
egkfo|ky; ch0,M0 ds ,d bdkbZ ls yxHkx ,d djksM+ :i;s f'k{k.k 'kqYd ds :i esa
olwy djrk gSaA
vkt fdlh ch0,M0 egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M0
izf'k{k.k dh gks jgh nqnZ'kk dh iw.kZ ftEesnkjh ljdkj dh gS D;ksafd ypj
fu;ekoyh us bu egkfo|ky;ksa dks /kuktZu dk vM~Mk cuus ds fy;s iw.kZ NwV ns j[kh
gSA ;s egkfo|ky; tkurs gSa fd fu;eksa rFkk 'kklukns'kksa dh /kfTt;k¡ dSls
mM+k;h tkrh gSaA tc dHkh ;s fdlh izdkj ls QWl tkrs gSa] rks U;k;ky; tkdj
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lgkuqHkwfr rFkk vuqdEik dh nqgkbZ nsdj vius vki dks cpk ysrss
gSaA
;fn ljdkj dks bu futh egkfo|ky;ksa esa
py jgsa ch0,M0 izf'k{k.k dh xq.koRrk ij FkksM+k Hkh /;ku nsuk gSa] rks mls dqN
Bksl dne mBkus gksaxsA ch0,M0 izf'k{k.k dh xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy;s
fuEu fcanqvksa ij fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSa %&
¼1-½ ch0,M0 dh
ekU;rk nsus ls igys fd;s tkus okys fujh{k.k esa ;g ns[kuk vR;Ur vko';d gksrk
gSa fd ml egkfo|ky; esa py jgs vU; ikB~;Øeksa ds fy, Hkou] iqLrdky;] iz;ksx'kkyk,¡]
,oa [ksy ds eSnku vkfn dkSu ls gSA ftlls bu lcdks ch0,M0 ikB~;Øe ds Hkou ,oa
laLkk/ku ds :i esa u n'kkZ;k tk ldsA
¼2½ bu
egkfo|ky;ksa ds dejksa] iqLrdky;] [ksy dk eSnku] Nk=kokl] dSUVhu] vkfn dk mlds
ekin.M ds vuq:i xgu fujh{k.k dj QksVks xzkQh o ohfM;ksxzkQh djkuh pkfg,A
¼3½ bu ds
iqLrdky;ksa esa iqLrdksa dh la[;k muesa yxh eqgj] LVkd jftLVj rFkk iz;ksx'kkykvksa
ds midj.kksa dh xgu tkap djuh pkfg, blds lkFk&lkFk d{kk&d{k f'k{k.k ds
fy, vko';d QuhZpj ,oa d{kki;ksxh lgk;d lkexzh dk Hkh fujh{k.k djuk pkfg,A
¼4½ vuqeksfnr
izk/;kid gh f'k{k.k dk;Z djsa blds fy;s ge egkfo|ky;ksa dk ekfld ;k =Sekfld
fujh{k.k vU; foHkkxh; nyksa }kjk djk;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls bu egkfo|ky;ksa dks
fujh{k.k dh iwoZ lwpuk ;k muls dh tkus okyh lkB&xakB ls cpk tk ldsaA
¼5½ ,d izk/;kid
dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa eas vuqeksnu u djk ldsa blds fy;s ,u0lh0Vh0bZ0 ds }kjk cuk;h
x;h igpku la[;k dk n`<+rk ls ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk ,sls yksxks dks fpfUgr
dj mUgsa nksckjk dgh Hkh f'k{k.k dk;Z dk volj u fn;k tk;sA
¼6½ vuqeksfnr
izk/;kidksa ls dsoy ch0,M0 dk gh f'k{k.k djk;k tk; mUgsa vU; d{kkvksa ds f'k{k.k
ds fy;s ck/; u fd;k tk;A
¼7½ izns'k ds
lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,ao egkfo|ky;ksa esa lapkfyr ch0,M0 f'k{k.k 'kqYd ,d leku
fu/kkZfjr dj mldks vius dks"k esa tek djkuk pkfg, rFkk ml dks"k esa
ls f'k{kd ,ao f'k{k.ksRrj deZpkfj;ksa ds osru ,ao HkRrs dh /kujkf'k jksddj
'ks"k /kujkf'k dks bu futh egkfo|ky;ksa dks LFkkukUrfjr dj nsuh pkfg,A
¼8½ ljdkj dks f'k{kd ,oa f'k{k.skRrj
deZpkfj;ksa ds osru dh ftEesnkjh Lo;a ysuh pkfg, rFkk ;g /kujkf'k fy;s x;s
f'k{k.k 'kqYd ls izfr ekg LFkkukUrfjr djuh pkfg, ftlls f'k{kd ,oa f'k{k.ksRrj
deZpkfj;ksa dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k u gks ldsaA
¼9½ izR;sd jkT; ,ao mlesa
lapkfyr fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kd ,ao f'k{k.ksRrj deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk
,u0lh0Vh0bZ0 ,ao ;w0th0lh0 ds fu;kekuqlkj ,d leku gksuh pkfg,A
¼10½ ljdkj dks mu lHkh
futh egkfo|ky;ksa dh ekU;rk rqjUr lekIr dj nsuh pkfg, tgk¡ ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk
fdlh Hkh izdkj ls 'kks"k.k gks jgk gSaaA
¼11½ f'k{kd foghu] lalk/ku foghu rFkk fu;fer d{kk,¡
u pykus okys egkfo|ky;ksa ds fo:) ljdkj dks l[r ls l[r dk;Zokgh djuh pkfg,A
¼12½ izR;sd
f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; dks uSd ¼NAAC½ dk izek.ki=
ysuk vko';d fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh <hy ugh nh tkuh pkfg,A
¼13½
ljdkj
dks egkfo|ky;ksa ls ,slk 'kiFki= Hkh ysuk pkfg, ftlesa ;fn os cuk;s x;s
'kklukns'k ,ao fu;ekoyh dk mYy?kau djsa] rks mudh ekU;rk lekIr dj nh tk;A
¼14½ ljdkj dks futh egkfo|ky;ksa esa lapkfyr
ch0,M0 izf'k{k.k gsrq fdlh Hkh izdkj dk izcU/kdh; dksVk ugh nsuk pkfg,A
iwoksZDr fo'ys"k.k ls
Li"V gS fd mDr lq>koksa esa ls eq[;r% gekjh ljdkj dks ços'k çfØ;k]
f'k{k.k 'kqYd] egkfo|ky; esa HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa] f'k{kdksa dh xq.koÙkk]
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls gksus okyh /ku mxkgh vkfn ij tYn ls tYn /;kukd"kZ.k djuk
gksxk vkSj dBksj ls dBksj fu;e cukdj xq.koÙkk ijd çf'k{k.k çnku djus dk ladYi
iwjk djuk gksxk] ftlls çf'k{k.kkFkhZ xq.koÙkkijd f'k{k.k dk;Z djrs gq,
Hkfo"; ds d.kZ/kkjksa dk f'k{kk ds }kj mUu;u dj ldsA
laUnHkZ
xzUFk&
1.
vfXugks=h]jfoUæ
vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; f'k{kk] leL;k,¡ vkSj lek/kku]jktLFkku xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj
2.
vkRekjke]Hkkjr
o"kZ esa çkbejh f'k{kk] çFke laLdj.k thou T;ksfr çdk'ku] fnYyh 2004
3.
dq:{ks=]
çdk'ku foHkkx] xzkeh.k fodkl eU=ky;] ubZ fnYyh] flrEcj 2002] uoEcj 2002]
4.
flag]
vthr ,oa >k cztHkw"k.k] çkFkfed f'k{kdksa dk thou dyk esa çf'k{k.k]
çkbejh f'k{kd ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 ubZ fnYyh
tqykbZ 2001 i`"B la0 35A
5.
Singh, Sunil Kumar
Problem of pre Service teacher's trainees during practice teaching of teacher's
education program. Indian Education Review NCERT,January 2008, Pg No. 124.
6.
fo'odekZ]
oh0ih0] v/;kid f'k{kk]] çkbejh f'k{kd ,u0lh0vkj0Vh0 vDVwcj2004i`la0 25
7.
http:
//www.ncte-india.org.
